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Sphenodon Muscles:
JONES, CURTIS, O'HIGGINS, FAGAN, & EVANS

Plain-Language &
Multilingual  Abstracts

Abstract

Introduction

Osteology

Musculature

The Trigeminal Muscles

Other Muscles of the Head

Extrinsic Muscles of the Skull and Pectoral Girdle

Extrinsic Muscles of the Skull and Neck

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Abbreviations Appendix

 

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

For their feedback on this work we thank A.K. Lappin (California State Polytechnic University, USA) and C.M. Holliday (Marshall University, Huntington, USA). We also thank K. Schwenk (University of Connecticut, USA) for helpful comments on our description of the tongue muscles and T. Tsuihiji (National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan) for discussion of certain aspects of Sphenodon neck muscles. For access to specimens we are grateful to H. Chatterjee, J. Ashby, M. Carnall, J. Hatton, S. Levey, and C. Washbrook (Grant Museum of Zoology, UCL, UK); C. McCarthy and A.C. Milner (The Natural History Museum, UK); R.J. Symonds (Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, UK); R. Coory (Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa); J. Adams (Booth Museum of Natural History, Brighton and Hove, UK); A.R. Milner (Birkbeck College, University of London, UK); M. Nowak-Kemp and L. Conyers (Oxford University Museum of Natural History, UK); T. Koppe and A. Deutsch (Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald ); G. Sales (Kings College London, UK); B.J. Gill and R. Prasad (Auckland Museum); P. Scofield (Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, NZ); N. Hudson (University of Auckland); N. Nelson and S. Keall (Victoria University of Wellington); J.M. Hay (Massey University, Auckland Campus); A. Rester, K. Kelly and A. Wolf (The Field Museum, Chicago, USA); J. Müller (Berlin Museum of Natural History [Museum für Naturkunde] of the Humbold-University); H. McGhie and R. Smith (The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, UK); M. Reilly (Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow, UK); and the Digimorph website (Austin, Texas, USA). In particular, we thank L.K. Murray and C.J. Bell for access to CT data for Sphenodon specimen YPM9194 and S. Taft (University of Hull, UK) for helping us to micro CT scan specimen LDUCZ x036. MEHJ would also like to thank S. and H. Williams for a copy of Stephens and Lambert (1998), K. T. Smith (Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Germany) for a copy of Fürbringer (1900), and L. Tsuji (Humboldt-Universität, Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany) for a copy of Wettstein (1931, 1932, 1937). T. Pires helped with checking references and figure abbreviations. This research was funded by BBSRC grants (BB/E007465/1, BB/E009204/1 and BB/E007813/1) awarded to S.E. Evans (UCL), M.J. Fagan (University of Hull), and P. O'Higgins (Hull York Medical School and University of Hull) respectively.

 

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Sphenodon Muscles
Plain-Language & Multilingual  Abstracts | Abstract | Introduction | Osteology | Musculature
The Trigeminal Muscles | Other Muscles of the Head | Extrinsic Muscles of the Skull and Pectoral Girdle
Extrinsic Muscles of the Skull and Neck | Conclusions | Acknowledgements
References | Abbreviations Appendix
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